American Federation of Labor
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The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886, as an association of various trade unions, by Samuel Gompers. Gompers was the president of the AFL until 1924, when he died.
Being against toppling capitalism, the AFL was considered more conservative than the radical unions preceding it. It campaigned for basic improvements for workers such as 8 hour days, higher wages, and better working conditions. The AFL was therefore more successful than the Knights of Labor, a more radical U.S. union. The ARU believed in collective bargaining, or peaceful bargaining with employers, but unlike the Knights of Labor, employed strikes as a major tactic. The AFL can be considered a peaceful union, mainly because they wanted to avoid another Haymarket Square Riot, which proved to be the downfall of the Knights of Labor.
Until the 1950s, the AFL allowed only skilled workers to enter. The AFL prohibited all nonwhite workers from entering. This philosophy of craft unionism, or the division of unions by specialty, contradicted earlier unions' support of industrial unionism, which advocated grouping all workers in a company under one union to increase bargaining power. The debate within the AFL between industrial and craft unionism resulted in the split of five member unions to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1938. In 1955 the AFL and the CIO rejoined, forming the AFL-CIO.
Presidents of the American Federation of Labor, 1886-1955
- Samuel Gompers 1886-1894
- John McBride 1894-1895
- Samuel Gompers 1895-1924
- William Green 1924-1952
- George Meany 1952-1955 (afterwards President of the AFL-CIO)
