Diminutive

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[Use of diminutives in American English?]

A diminutive is a prefix or suffix (usually a suffix) added to a word in order to convey the sense of a smaller size. See also Apocopation.

English Usage

Diminutives are common in most national forms of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear, and "movies" (short for "moving pictures") are frequently heard terms in English.

Australian English is known for its use of diminutives with the "-za" suffix applied to the shortened version of a person's name. Thus "Barry" becomes "Bazza" and "Gary" becomes "Gazza" though this is not routinely done with all names; a possible diminutive for "Larry" (which would be "Lazza" under this system) is very rare. There has also been a trend towards changing "Jarrod" or "Jared" to "Jazza". Female names are also shortened, such as "Sharon" becoming "Shazza". This use of diminutives is also found in British English.

Other suffixes

Other suffixes are also used, such as "-ey/-ie/-y" and "-o", thereby creating names such as Petey (formerly Peter), Dougie (Douglas), Johnny or Jono (Jonathan), and Robbie or Robbo (Robert). In Britain the title of popular soap opera Coronation Street is frequently shortened to "Corrie" or "Corro" by its fans.

Sometimes a diminutive lengthens the original word as seen in the ubiquitous American term "hottie" to denote sexually appealing (or "hot") young man or woman.

Diminutives aside from Proper Nouns

Many other words are replaced with diminutives in Australian English. Emergency-services personnel are often referred to as ambos and firies instead of "ambulance officers" and "firefighters". Similarly, medical professionals are frequently known as medicos. Social institutions, such as the Salvation Army, are also subject to this process - becoming (in this case) the Salvos. Garbage collectors are almost universally known as garbos, by a similar process.

Diminutives in Sporting Usage

Australian sport also creates many diminutives. The most obvious of these is the contraction of "football" (meaning rugby league, rugby union or Australian Rules) to footy, however there are substantially more instances. The officials at sporting events are hardly ever referred to as "referees" or "umpires", with the diminutive terms "ref" and "ump" being much more common. Even the touch judge in rugby league or union is referred to as the "touchy" or "touchie". Sporting teams, likewise, are subject to this process, generally to reduce a polysyllabic name to a monosyllabic one. A team called the "Bulldogs" (Canterbury-Bankstown in rugby league, Footscray in Australian Rules) will invariably become the "Dogs" or "Doggies". The Essendon Australian Rules team - officially the "Bombers" - often find themselves referred to as the "Dons", while the Fremantle Dockers are often "Freo". This process also works in reverse, with teams such as the Sydney Swans being "diminuted" to the "Swannies". It is important to note, however, that "Rabbitohs" is the official nickname for the South Sydney Rugby League club rather than being a formation from "Rabbits". Moreover, some leagues are even subject to diminution by this process. The South Australian National Football League (Australian - or "Aussie" - Rules) uses the acronym SANFL, which is sometimes rendered as one word, "SANfll". Similarly, the Western Australian Football League (WAFL) is pronounced as "Waffle" and the Queensland Australian Football League (QAFL) as "Quaffle" in common parlance.

Non-English Languages

Non-English languages also use Diminutives, however these relate to nouns as well as proper nouns.

German

German, for example, features words such as "Häuschen" (or "Häuserl" in Austrian Dialect) for "small house", "Würstchen" for "small sausage" and "Hündchen" for "small dog". The use of diminutives is quite different between the languages and dialects. The alemannic dialects for example use the diminutive very often. Dutch and the East Frisian Low Saxon uses the diminutive quite often as well. In the northern Low Saxon the diminutive is used as seldom as in the scandinavic languages, that means nearly never.

There are two suffixes in German:

• -chen, e.g. Männchen for little man (corresponding with English -kin, Low Saxon and Dutch -je and -tje and flamish and Low Saxon -ken)
• -lein e.g. Männlein for little man (corresponding with English -let, alemannic -le, li, Bavarian and Austrian -l and Latin -culus / -cula

Low Saxon and Dutch

The East Frisian Dialect of the Low Saxon language uses quite frequently the diminutive -je, and -tje. In Dutch, -je, -tje, and -pje are used as a diminutive suffix (e.g. huis becomes huisje (little house); boom becomes boompje (little tree)). Some words have a slightly different suffix, even though the diminutive always ends with -je. For example, man becomes mannetje (little man).

In the southern parts of the Low Saxon area and in Flamish the diminutive -ke, -ken is corresponding (Manneke, manneken for little man). Both forms are corresponding with the English diminuitive -kin, e.g. lambkin, pumpkin and the German diminutive -chen.

Latin

In the Latin language the diminutive is formed also by suffices.

• -culus, e.g. homunculus (little man) from homo (man)
• -cula, e.g. navicula (little ship, boat) from navis (ship)

In another example, the diminutive of gladius (sword) is gladiolus, a plant whose leaves look like small swords.

Italian

In Italian, the diminutive is usually expressed by changing -o to -ino, -a to -ina, or -i to -ini. Examples which have made it into English are the neutrino, and just about every shape of pasta, like linguini (named for its resemblance to little tongues). The root word is "lingui", which is also a cognate of "language" and "bilingual".

Spanish

In Spanish, -o and -a become -ito and -ita, respectively — as in "perro" (dog) and "perrito" (puppy). Sometimes, this changes the spelling slightly: a "chica" is a girl, and a "chiquita" is a little girl, for example.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, -inho and -inha are the most common diminutives, replacing -o and -a, respectively. Words ending in "e" generally have -zinho added, such as café and cafezinho. As with Spanish, a "c" (but not a "ç") becomes a "qu" on some irregular words, like "pouco" (little) and "pouquinho" (very little). This is very similar to "poco" and "poquito" in Spanish.

French

French diminutives usually end in -ette, and this frequently carries over into English as well.

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