Icosahedron

From open-encyclopedia.com - the free encyclopedia.

Icosahedron
Click on picture for large version. Click here for spinning version.
Type	Platonic
Face polygon	triangle
Faces	20
Edges	30
Vertices	12
Faces per vertex	5
Vertices per face	3
Symmetry group	icosahedral (Ih)
Dual polyhedron	dodecahedron
Properties	regular, convex

An icosahedron [ˌaıkəsə'hiːdrən] noun (plural: -drons, -dra [-drə]) is a polyhedron having 20 faces. The faces of a regular icosahedron are equilateral triangles. [Etymology: 16th Century: from Greek eikosaedron, from eikosi twenty + -edron -hedron], "icosa'hedral adjective

In geometry, the regular icosahedron is one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron.

The area A and the volume V of a regular icosahedron of edge length a are:

<math>A=5\sqrt3a^2<math>

<math>V=\begin{matrix}{5\over12}\end{matrix}(3+\sqrt5)a^3<math>

Canonical coordinates for the vertices of an icosahedron centered at the origin are {(0,±1,±φ), (±1,±φ,0), (±φ,0,±1)}, where φ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden mean — note these form three mutually orthogonal golden rectangles. The 12 edges of an octahedron can be partitioned in the golden mean so that the resulting vertices define a regular icosahedron; the five octahedra defining any given icosahedron form a regular polyhedral compound.

There are distortions of the icosahedron that, while no longer regular, are nevertheless vertex-uniform. These are invariant under the same rotations as the tetrahedron, and are somewhat analogous to the snub cube and snub dodecahedron, including some forms which are chiral and some with T_h-symmetry, i.e. have different planes of symmetry than the tetrahedron. The icosahedron has a large number of stellations, including one of the Kepler-Poinsot solids and some of the regular compounds, which could be discussed here.

Many viruses, including HIV and herpes, have the shape of an icosahedron. Viral structures are built of repeated identical protein subunits and the icosahedron is the easiest shape to assemble using these subunits. A regular polyhedron is used because it can be built from a single basic unit protein used over and over again; this saves space in the viral genome.

In several roleplaying games, such as D&D, the twenty-sided die (short d20) plays a vital role in determining success or failure of an action.

Icosahedron vs dodecahedron

Despite appearances, when an icosahedron is inscribed in a sphere, it occupies less of the sphere's volume (60.54%) than a dodecahedron inscribed in the same sphere (66.49%).

See also

• Truncated icosahedron

External links

• The Uniform Polyhedra
• Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
• [1] A discussion of viral structure and the icosahedron
• Paper Models of Polyhedra Many links

da:Ikosaeder de:Ikosaeder es:Icosaedro it:Icosaedro ja:正二十面体 nl:Icosaëder pl:Dwudziestościan foremny