Playfair cipher

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The Playfair cipher or Playfair square is a manual symmetric encryption technique invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone for telegraph secrecy and was the first literal digraph substitution cipher. It was used by British forces in the Boer War and World War I and also by the Australians during World War II. It is named after Wheatstone's friend Lord Playfair, who popularized it. The technique encrypts pairs of letters (digraphs), instead of single letters as in the simple substitution cipher and rather more complex Vigenère cipher systems then in use. The Playfair is thus significantly harder to break since the frequency analysis used for simple substitution ciphers does not work with it.

It was not widely adopted by the British Foreign Office when it was developed. The reason is said to be that the Foreign Secretary rejected it because of its complexity. When told by Wheatstone and Playfair that boys in a nearby school had learned to use it very quickly, he is said to have responded, "That may be so, gentlemen, but our attaches could never learn it!"

The usual form of the cipher used a 5 by 5 table and a key word or phrase. Memorization of the key and 4 simple rules was all that was required to create the 5 by 5 table and use the cipher.

First fill in the spaces in the table with the letters of the key (dropping any duplicate letters), then fill the remaining spaces with the rest of the letters of the alphabet in order (usually omitting "Q" to reduce the alphabet to fit, other versions put both "I" and "J" in the same space). The key can be written in the top rows of the table, from left to right, or in some other pattern, such as a spiral beginning in the upper-left-hand corner and ending in the center.

Then apply the following 4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters to encrypt a message:

• If the letters of a pair are both the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X" after the first letter. Encrypt the new pair and continue.
• If the letters appear on the same row of your table, replace them with the letters to their immediate right respectively (wrapping around to the left side of the row if a letter in the original pair was on the right side of the row).
• If the letters appear on the same column of your table, replace them with the letters immediately below respectively (wrapping around to the top side of the column if a letter in the original pair was on the bottom side of the column).
• If the letters are not on the same row or column, replace them with the letters on the same row respectively but at the other pair of corners of the rectangle defined by the original pair.

To decrypt, use the inverse of these 4 rules (dropping any extra "X"s that don't make sense in the final message when you finish).

Example

Using "playfair example" as the key, the table becomes:

P L A Y F
I R E X M
B C D G H
J K N O S
T U V W Z

Encrypting the message "Hide the gold in the tree stump":

HI DE TH EG OL DI NT HE TR EX ES TU MP
                            ^

1. The pair HI forms a rectangle, replace it with BM
2. The pair DE is in a column, replace it with ND
3. The pair TH forms a rectangle, replace it with ZB
4. The pair EG forms a rectangle, replace it with XD
5. The pair OL forms a rectangle, replace it with KY
6. The pair DI forms a rectangle, replace it with BE
7. The pair NT forms a rectangle, replace it with JV
8. The pair HE forms a rectangle, replace it with DM
9. The pair TR forms a rectangle, replace it with UI
10. The pair EX (X inserted to split EE) is in a row, replace it with XM
11. The pair ES forms a rectangle, replace it with MN
12. The pair TU is in a row, replace it with UV
13. The pair MP forms a rectangle, replace it with IF

BM ND ZB XD KY BE JV DM UI XM MN UV IF

Thus the message "Hide the gold in the tree stump" becomes "BMNDZBXDKYBEJVDMUIXMMNUVIF".

Like most pre-modern era ciphers, the Playfair cipher can be easily cracked if there is enough text. Obtaining the key is trivial if both plaintext and ciphertext are known. When only the ciphertext is known, cryptanalysis of the cipher involves searching through the key space for matches between the frequence of occurrence of digrams (pairs of letters) and the known frequency of occurrence of digrams in the language of the original message.

Clarification with Pictures

Assume one wants to encrypt the digraph OR. There are three general cases:

1)

  * * * * *
  * O Y R Z
  * * * * *
  * * * * *
  * * * * *

Hence, OR -> YZ

2)

  * * O * *
  * * B * *
  * * * * *
  * * R * *
  * * Y * *

Hence, OR -> BY

3)

  Z * * O *
  * * * * *
  * * * * *
  R * * X *
  * * * * *

Hence, OR -> ZX

See also

Topics in cryptography

External link

• Extract from some lecture notes on ciphers - DIGRAPHIC CIPHERS: PLAYFAIR