Qualitative organic analysis
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Before the introduction of spectroscopy, the following was the classical general scheme for Qualitative Organic Analysis - the identification of organic compounds.
Introductory
Derivatives
Determination of the Melting point
Determination of the Boiling point
Detection of the Elements
Beilstein’s test for halogens
Test for nitrogen
Test for sulphur
Test for halogens
Test for phosphorus and arsenic
The alkali-zinc test for nitrogen
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group I - Preliminary examination
Group I - Class I - Metallic salts of Acids and Phenols
Group I - Class II - Carbohydrates, Glycosides
Group I - Class III - Aldehydes, Ketones, some Quinones etc
Group I - Class IV - Quinones
Group I - Class V - Carboxylic Acids, Acid Anhydrides, easily hydrolysable Esters
Group I - Class VI - Phenols
Group I - Class VII - Esters, Lactones
Group I - Class VIII - Alcohols
Group I - Class IX - Ethers, Cyclic Ethers
Group I - Class X - Hydrocarbons
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group II - Preliminary Examination
Group II - Class I - Ammonium salts, Aldehyde Ammonias
Group II - Class II - Derivatives of Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine
Group II - Class III - Primary Aliphatic Amines etc, Amides including Urea etc etc
Group II - Class IV - Secondary Amines, Primary Aromatic Amines etc
Group II - Class V - [[Nitro-Paraffin]s
Group II - Class VI - Nitroso-Compounds
Group II - Class VII - Tertiary Amines, Heterocyclic Bases
Group II - Class VIII - Alkyl Nitrites, Alkyl Nitrates
Group II - Class IX - Purines
Group II - Class X - Nitriles (Cyanides)
Group II - Class XI - Imides
Group II - Class XII - Substituted Amides
Group II - Class XIII - Aromatic (Tertiary) Nitro-Compounds, Hydrazo-, Azo- and Azoxy-Compounds
Group II - Class XIV - Alkaloids
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulphur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group III - Preliminary Examination
Group III - Class I - Bisulphite Compounds of Aldehydes and Ketones etc
Group III - Class II - Thioalcohols, Thiophenols
Group III - Class III - Thio-Ethers (Sulphides
Group III - Class IV - Alkyl Sulphuric Acids and their salts and esters
Group III - Class V - Alkyl Esters of Sulphonic Acids
Group III - Class VI - Sulphonic and Sulphinic And their salts, Thiophene etc
Group III - Class VII - Thio-acids and Thiol-Acids
Group III - Class VIII - Aryl esters of Sulphonic Acids
Group III - Class IX - Sulphones
Group III - Class X - Xanthates and Di-Alkyl Dithiocarbamates
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group IV - Preliminary Examination
Group IV - Class I - Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbons
Group IV - Class II - Carboxylic Acid Halides, Alkyl Chloroformates, Aliphatic a-Halogen-Substituted Ethers
Group IV - Class III - Other Aromatic Halogen Compounds
Group IV - Class IV - Other Aliphatic Halogen-Substituted Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group V - Preliminary Examination
Group V - Class I - Sulphates of Organic Bases etc
Group V - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Sulphonic Acids etc
Group V - Class III - Thiourea, Thioamides etc
Group V - Class IV - Isothiocyanates
Group V - Class V - Salts and Esters of Thiocyanic Acid
Group V - Class VI - Simple Sulphonamides
Group V - Class VII - Aminosulphonic Acids and their Salts
Group V - Class VIII - Nitrosulphonic Acids and their Salts
Group V - Class IX - Substituted Sulphonamides
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VI - Preliminary Examination
Group VI - Class I - Hydrohalides of Organic Bases etc, etc, Quaternary Ammonium Halides
Group VI - Classes II and III - Ammonium salts and Amides of Halogen-Substituted Acids, Halogen-Substituted Amines, Amides, Nitriles and Nitro-Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulphur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VII - Preliminary Examination
Group VII - Class I - Bisulphites of Halogen-Substituted Aldehydes and Ketones
Group VII - Class II - Sulphonium Halides
Group VII - Class III - Sulphonyl Halides
Group VII - Class IV - Halogen-Substituted Thiophenols and Mercaptans
Group VII - Class V - Nuclear Halogen-Substituted Sulphonic Acids etc
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VIII - Preliminary Examination
Group VIII - Class I - Sulphates of Halogen-Substituted Amines
Group VIII - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Halogen-Substituted Sulphonic Acids
Group VIII - Class III - N-Chlorosulphonamides (Chloramines)
Group VIII - Class IV - Acid Chlorides of Nitrosulphonic Acids
Group VIII - Class V - Sulphonyl Derivatives of Halogen-Substituted Amines
Miscellaneous Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and possibly Oxygen
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Arsenic
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Arsenic
Mixtures of Organic Compounds
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Source: A Scheme of Qualitative Organic Analysis F. J. Smith and Emlyn Jones 1948
